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Planet formation

How were the planets formed?

From a spinning disc of gas and dust around the young Sun. Dust stuck, then pebbles, then worlds. Close in it was too warm for ice, so the inner four stayed small and rocky. Farther out, ice and gas stayed put, gravity grabbed hydrogen, and the giants grew huge. The solar system simulator is that disc, later: everything still going the same way, in nearly the same plane.

Sun velocity gravity no gravity — a straight line planet
One disc, one direction. That is why the planets still orbit the same way, in nearly the same plane, billions of years later.

A disc, then worlds

The young Sun was surrounded by a flat cloud of gas and dust, spinning. Grains stuck. Pebbles stuck. After a few million years there were bodies the size of towns, then of moons, then of planets. Leftover gas either got blown out or got pulled onto the biggest worlds.

You can still see the disc in the finished system: almost everything goes the same way, and almost everything sits in the same thin plane. The exceptions — Venus spinning backwards, Uranus on its side, Triton going the wrong way — each need an extra event.

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They did not finish where they sit

Models in which the giant planets drifted inward and back out — dragging small bodies, emptying part of the asteroid belt, scattering the Kuiper belt — reproduce a great deal of what we see. Which version happened, and when, is not agreed. The zoom ladder shows where they are now, not the road they took.

See it live

On the hub: Space

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